Bio211 PLANT AND ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (3+3): 4

Bio211 PLANT AND ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (3+3): 4
Introduction: Gametogenesis. Early embryonic development (Cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation and organogenesis) of Amphioxus, frog, Chicken and a placental mammal. Regeneration, artificial production of twins, embryo storage ad transfer, cloning.
PLANT ANATOMY. Introduction: Plant anatomy and growing plants. Differentiation, totipotency, polarity, pattern formation and unequal cell divisions, factors controlling differentiation. The plant cell content and ergastic substances: The cell wall, components and structure of the cell wall, intercellular spaces, Plasmodesmata. Cells and tissues: Parenchyma, and collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Fibers, their origin and development, economic use. Cambium and pteridium. Epidermis: root and aerial parts. Trichoplasts, cuticle, silica, cork and crystal cells. Stomata: their distribution, types, structure and formation. Xylem: Its origin and fine structure, phylogeny, genetic aspects. Phloem: Sieve elements, control of phloem differentiation, transfer cells, secretory structures, economic importance of plant secretions. Secretory cells and tissues: Classification, mechanism and purpose of secretion. Stem: Arrangement of tissues, development of steles. Leaf: Structure, development, relationship with reference to function and environment. Root: Structure and function, mycorrhizae, root nodules and nitrogen fixation. Ecological anatomy: Study of roots, stems and leaves of hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes. Economic aspects of applied plant anatomy.