Dewali Hindu Festival (Deya Jala)
Dewali is Hindu festival. In this festival DEYA JALYA Jalaty hain.having want to lighting every where and use different crackers to celebrate their happiness.
They have celebrate with colors and dance and singing song . the have celebrate this events five days of the week.
They celebrate this event annually. They have great joy and fun and use crackers and blows. This event may celebrate all over the world where Hindu lives.
Specially in India this event may celebrate with great passion because there is great populations of Hindu in this country.
Sunday, October 18, 2009
Money By Joining Website
Money By Joining Website
About social websites here you create your free account and earn points by daily visiting this site. Here first you create your account you have given 5 points after that you update your mood and picture and chat room. You can give a topic and comments on topics and made group and comments on groups daily bases and so on you earn points and you use the points to by credit cards and your account credited by 10$. Just click the link given below
Be Social Get Points at Socints.com!
About social websites here you create your free account and earn points by daily visiting this site. Here first you create your account you have given 5 points after that you update your mood and picture and chat room. You can give a topic and comments on topics and made group and comments on groups daily bases and so on you earn points and you use the points to by credit cards and your account credited by 10$. Just click the link given below
Be Social Get Points at Socints.com!
Money by Just Taking Surveys
Money by Just Taking Surveys
Companies spend Billions of dollars a year trying to convince consumers that their products are the best and to buy their products and services. They achieve this by getting an understanding how people think and shop. Knowing this, companies are willing to pay you for your opinions. Overall your opinion could help the companies to upgrade their products and services.
Therefore we offer u a great opportunity to work with us and earn dollars as it is on your performance. Visit here create your account its totally free. You have given surveys of different amounts after taking surveys you account have credit with that amount and after 75$ you received a check . Just click the link given below Earn $6.00 for Welcome Survey After Free Registration!
Companies spend Billions of dollars a year trying to convince consumers that their products are the best and to buy their products and services. They achieve this by getting an understanding how people think and shop. Knowing this, companies are willing to pay you for your opinions. Overall your opinion could help the companies to upgrade their products and services.
Therefore we offer u a great opportunity to work with us and earn dollars as it is on your performance. Visit here create your account its totally free. You have given surveys of different amounts after taking surveys you account have credit with that amount and after 75$ you received a check . Just click the link given below Earn $6.00 for Welcome Survey After Free Registration!
Money by Just Typing ADS for Companies
Money by Just Typing ADS for Companies
These are the jobs where you have just type ads for the company and fill the forms at home and earn 5 to 10$ per forms. This is very easy process
These are the jobs where you have just type ads for the company and fill the forms at home and earn 5 to 10$ per forms. This is very easy process
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Bot. 526 BIOSTATISTICS III (1+3):
Bot. 526 BIOSTATISTICS III (1+3): 2Sampling techniques. Tests of normality, independence and homogeneity of variance. Transformations. Analysis of frequencies. Multiple and partial correlation and regression. Miscellaneous methods: combining probabilities from tests of significance. Randomization tests. Use of computer packages for data analysis
Bot. 525 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS (2+6): 4
Bot. 525 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS (2+6): 4
Basic concepts. The completely randomized design. Randomized complete blocks. The Latin Square design. Factorial designs: 2X2 and 3X2 factorials. The split-blot and split-split plot (Nested) designs.
Basic concepts. The completely randomized design. Randomized complete blocks. The Latin Square design. Factorial designs: 2X2 and 3X2 factorials. The split-blot and split-split plot (Nested) designs.
Bot. 5214 GENETIC ENGINEERING (2+3):
Bot. 5214 GENETIC ENGINEERING (2+3): 3Introduction. Definition of the science and it’s basic problems,. Solutions to the problems: Restriction and restriction mapping of genomes. Methods of gene isolation: from genomes, mRNA, immunological methods. Gel electrophoresis: Gel electrophoresis as a preparative and a diagnostic method. Ligation: enzymes, adaptors, methodologies. Gene sequencing. Cloning Vectors: Natural and recombinant vectors, properties, selection. Gene Libraries: genomic and cDNA libraries. Gene amplification: cloning and PCR. Transformation and transgensis. Role of recombinant DNA technology in industry, agriculture and biotechnology. Objectives of transgensis of Plants: resistance to pests, pathogens, improvement of horticultural and crop plants. Production of important plant products.
Bot. 5213 SEED PATHOLOGY (1+3): 3
Bot. 5213 SEED PATHOLOGY (1+3): 3
Pathogenesis - Diseases - Hosts: Mechanisms of seed transmission . Principles of control: Seed health, testing methods, assessment of seed-borne inoculums.
Pathogenesis - Diseases - Hosts: Mechanisms of seed transmission . Principles of control: Seed health, testing methods, assessment of seed-borne inoculums.
Bot. 5112 MICROBIAL GENETICS (2+3): 3
Bot. 5112 MICROBIAL GENETICS (2+3): 3
Organization of bacterial genetic material : Chromosomes and plasmids. Classification of plasmids and their genetic characteristics: types of, molecular sizes, copy numbers, compatibility…etc. and an introductory treatment of the plasmid exclusion concept. Some aspects of bacterial plasmids in mitigation of environmental pollution, agriculture and industry. Host-directed restriction and modification: Definitions, classification and nomenclature of enzymes, mode of action and importance. Gene expression in bacteria: Negative and positive controls. Examples of inducible and repressible operons.
Organization of bacterial genetic material : Chromosomes and plasmids. Classification of plasmids and their genetic characteristics: types of, molecular sizes, copy numbers, compatibility…etc. and an introductory treatment of the plasmid exclusion concept. Some aspects of bacterial plasmids in mitigation of environmental pollution, agriculture and industry. Host-directed restriction and modification: Definitions, classification and nomenclature of enzymes, mode of action and importance. Gene expression in bacteria: Negative and positive controls. Examples of inducible and repressible operons.
Bot. 5111 PLANT PATHOLOGY (1+3):
Bot. 5111 PLANT PATHOLOGY (1+3): 2Historical introduction to plant pathology. Classification of symptoms of plant disease. Relation of environment to disease development. Dispersal of plant pathogens. Control of plant diseases. Study of some plant diseases: Fungal diseases, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, nematode diseases, protozoan diseases and diseases caused by mycoplasmas
Bot. 5110 APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (2+3): 3
Bot. 5110 APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (2+3): 3
Introduction: Microbial growth processes, culture media, growth conditions, culture assay and kinetics of growth. Biochemistry and Physiology of Micro-organisms: Microbial exo- and end-enzymes, strategies for energy transfer, microbial photosynthesis, regulation ad control of metabolic pathways. Fermentation Techniques: Strain selection, isolation and preservation, improvement of strains used in industrial processes. Culturing techniques. Optimization and monitoring of industrial processes. Food Microbiology: Food preservation methods, spoilage and food poisoning. Processes involved in: production of indigenous fermented foods, industry, production of economically important products. Environmental Microbiology: The role of micro-organisms in biogeochemical processes, cycling of elements and impact on soil fertility. Biodegradation management and Biodegradation enhancement. Microorganisms as indicators of water and air pollution: Treatment of Sewage, industrial effluents and pollutants. Micro-organisms as agents of diseases in : Animals, plants and humans. Micro-organisms as tools of research and in genetic engineering and transgensis of plants.
Introduction: Microbial growth processes, culture media, growth conditions, culture assay and kinetics of growth. Biochemistry and Physiology of Micro-organisms: Microbial exo- and end-enzymes, strategies for energy transfer, microbial photosynthesis, regulation ad control of metabolic pathways. Fermentation Techniques: Strain selection, isolation and preservation, improvement of strains used in industrial processes. Culturing techniques. Optimization and monitoring of industrial processes. Food Microbiology: Food preservation methods, spoilage and food poisoning. Processes involved in: production of indigenous fermented foods, industry, production of economically important products. Environmental Microbiology: The role of micro-organisms in biogeochemical processes, cycling of elements and impact on soil fertility. Biodegradation management and Biodegradation enhancement. Microorganisms as indicators of water and air pollution: Treatment of Sewage, industrial effluents and pollutants. Micro-organisms as agents of diseases in : Animals, plants and humans. Micro-organisms as tools of research and in genetic engineering and transgensis of plants.
Bot. 526 BIOSTATISTICS III (1+3): 2
Bot. 526 BIOSTATISTICS III (1+3): 2
Sampling techniques. Tests of normality, independence and homogeneity of variance. Transformations. Analysis of frequencies. Multiple and partial correlation and regression. Miscellaneous methods: combining probabilities from tests of significance. Randomization tests. Use of computer packages for data analysis.
Sampling techniques. Tests of normality, independence and homogeneity of variance. Transformations. Analysis of frequencies. Multiple and partial correlation and regression. Miscellaneous methods: combining probabilities from tests of significance. Randomization tests. Use of computer packages for data analysis.
Bot. 525 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS (2+6): 4
Bot. 525 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS (2+6): 4
Basic concepts. The completely randomized design. Randomized complete blocks. The Latin Square design. Factorial designs: 2X2 and 3X2 factorials. The split-blot and split-split plot (Nested) designs.
Basic concepts. The completely randomized design. Randomized complete blocks. The Latin Square design. Factorial designs: 2X2 and 3X2 factorials. The split-blot and split-split plot (Nested) designs.
Bot. 519 PALAEOECOLOGY& VEGETATION HISTORY (2+3): 3
Bot. 519 PALAEOECOLOGY& VEGETATION HISTORY (2+3): 3
Differences between Ecology and Palaeoecology. Philosophical principles of Palaeoecology and the nature of Palaeoecological evidence. Pollen analysis as an important evidence: The fate of the pollen grain from the flower to the slide. Laboratory techniques of pollen analysis. Pollen grain morphology. New frontiers in pollen analysis. Practicals: Study of prepared slides to show variations in pollen grain types. Preparation of slides from: Sediments., honey, animal remains& others.
Differences between Ecology and Palaeoecology. Philosophical principles of Palaeoecology and the nature of Palaeoecological evidence. Pollen analysis as an important evidence: The fate of the pollen grain from the flower to the slide. Laboratory techniques of pollen analysis. Pollen grain morphology. New frontiers in pollen analysis. Practicals: Study of prepared slides to show variations in pollen grain types. Preparation of slides from: Sediments., honey, animal remains& others.
Bot. 518 PLANT TASXONOMY III (2+3): 3
Bot. 518 PLANT TASXONOMY III (2+3): 3
Cytotaxonomy: Karyotpic analysis, mutations, polyploidy and hybridization, apomixes( their application to taxonomy). Numerical taxonomy: Introduction, methods of analysis, species relationships and variations. Chemotaxonomy: Introduction. Use and limitations. Survey of some common compounds found in plants and their relevance to families, genera or species where they occur. Practicals: Karyotpic analysis and chemical analysis of some plant families. Application of numerical methods in the study of variations.
Cytotaxonomy: Karyotpic analysis, mutations, polyploidy and hybridization, apomixes( their application to taxonomy). Numerical taxonomy: Introduction, methods of analysis, species relationships and variations. Chemotaxonomy: Introduction. Use and limitations. Survey of some common compounds found in plants and their relevance to families, genera or species where they occur. Practicals: Karyotpic analysis and chemical analysis of some plant families. Application of numerical methods in the study of variations.
Bot. 517 APPLIED ECOLOGY (2+3): 3
Bot. 517 APPLIED ECOLOGY (2+3): 3
Natural resources(Traditional). Plant production systems: Range/Agriculture/ Forestry. Non-conventional resources: Saline habitats, seas and oceans. Marginal/Arid habitats: Feasible ways to exploit- remote sensing-. Economic plants: Medicinal plants, gum timber, oil etc. Conservation and biodiversity: Ozone, acid rain …etc. Sociology: Human migration. Ecological equilibrium. Data documentation. Co-operatuion and linkages with other sciences.
Natural resources(Traditional). Plant production systems: Range/Agriculture/ Forestry. Non-conventional resources: Saline habitats, seas and oceans. Marginal/Arid habitats: Feasible ways to exploit- remote sensing-. Economic plants: Medicinal plants, gum timber, oil etc. Conservation and biodiversity: Ozone, acid rain …etc. Sociology: Human migration. Ecological equilibrium. Data documentation. Co-operatuion and linkages with other sciences.
Bot. 526 BIOSTATISTICS III (1+3): 2
Bot. 526 BIOSTATISTICS III (1+3): 2
Sampling techniques. Tests of normality, independence and homogeneity of variance. Transformations. Analysis of frequencies. Multiple and partial correlation and regression. Miscellaneous methods: combining probabilities from tests of significance. Randomization tests. Use of computer packages for data analysis.
Sampling techniques. Tests of normality, independence and homogeneity of variance. Transformations. Analysis of frequencies. Multiple and partial correlation and regression. Miscellaneous methods: combining probabilities from tests of significance. Randomization tests. Use of computer packages for data analysis.
Bot. 525 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS (2+6): 4
Bot. 525 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS (2+6): 4
Basic concepts. The completely randomized design. Randomized complete blocks. The Latin Square design. Factorial designs: 2X2 and 3X2 factorials. The split-blot and split-split plot (Nested) designs.
Basic concepts. The completely randomized design. Randomized complete blocks. The Latin Square design. Factorial designs: 2X2 and 3X2 factorials. The split-blot and split-split plot (Nested) designs.
Bot. 524 PLANT TISSUE AND CELL CULTURE (2+6): 4
Bot. 524 PLANT TISSUE AND CELL CULTURE (2+6): 4
Introduction: History of plant and cell tissue culture. Basic Techniques and procedures: Types of culture from plant cells, tissues and organs, induction of callus, differentiation and morphogenesis, regeneration of plants from tissue culture. Molecular basis of regeneration: Meristem culture, embryo culture, anther culture and haploid production. Cell culture: Isolation and culture of protoplasts, somatic hybridization and genetic engineering. Tissue culture and nitrogen fixation. The role of tissue culture in basic and applied research: Production of virus free plants, improvement of productivity and propagation of useful plants. Tissue culture as a classical technique of plant improvement.
Introduction: History of plant and cell tissue culture. Basic Techniques and procedures: Types of culture from plant cells, tissues and organs, induction of callus, differentiation and morphogenesis, regeneration of plants from tissue culture. Molecular basis of regeneration: Meristem culture, embryo culture, anther culture and haploid production. Cell culture: Isolation and culture of protoplasts, somatic hybridization and genetic engineering. Tissue culture and nitrogen fixation. The role of tissue culture in basic and applied research: Production of virus free plants, improvement of productivity and propagation of useful plants. Tissue culture as a classical technique of plant improvement.
Bot. 513 MEDICINAL, AROMATIC & POISONOUS PLANTS (2+3):3
Bot. 513 MEDICINAL, AROMATIC & POISONOUS PLANTS (2+3):3
Introduction: Historical background on medicinal and aromatic plants (Egyptians, Arabs and Muslims and Red Indians). Introduction to the plant Kingdom: Classification of of plants into: Medicinal, aromatic and poisonous plants including; scientific description of the plants, common names in Sudan and other countries, propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants. Collection and identification of medicinal plants resources: Cultivation in different substrata, climatic zones …etc of exotic and wild species of commercial interest. Introductory studies on selected examples. Genetic improvement of some genera. Phytochemical studies on medicinal plants. Chemotaxonomy of medicinal plants. Effective principles extracted from medicinal plants. Aromatic plants: Common aromatic plants in Sudan/ other countries. Plant parts commonly used; seeds, leaves, wood …etc. Poisonous plants.
Introduction: Historical background on medicinal and aromatic plants (Egyptians, Arabs and Muslims and Red Indians). Introduction to the plant Kingdom: Classification of of plants into: Medicinal, aromatic and poisonous plants including; scientific description of the plants, common names in Sudan and other countries, propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants. Collection and identification of medicinal plants resources: Cultivation in different substrata, climatic zones …etc of exotic and wild species of commercial interest. Introductory studies on selected examples. Genetic improvement of some genera. Phytochemical studies on medicinal plants. Chemotaxonomy of medicinal plants. Effective principles extracted from medicinal plants. Aromatic plants: Common aromatic plants in Sudan/ other countries. Plant parts commonly used; seeds, leaves, wood …etc. Poisonous plants.
Bot. 511 BIOCHEMISTRY V (2+3): 3Bot. 512 SECDONDARY PLANT PRODUCTS (2+3): 3
Bot. 511 BIOCHEMISTRY V (2+3): 3
Sucrose and starch metabolism in plants: Synthesis versus degradation pathways- synthesis of cellulose, pectic substances and other cell wall polysaccharides. Lipid metabolism: Biosynthesis of fatty acids- Biosynthesis of proteins: Stages of protein synthesis in the ribosome. Regulation of metabolism: Compartmentalization of enzymes. Alternate pathways for metabolism of a substrate. Kinetic factors. Control of enzyme concentration by regulation of transcription and translation. Allosteric enzymes. Some important biological carriers.
Bot. 512 SECDONDARY PLANT PRODUCTS (2+3): 3
Introduction. Classification of natural products. Methods of collection of natural plant products: Separation and purification of secondary natural plant products. Identification of chemical structure of secondary compounds. Physical methods. Chemical methods. Biosynthesis of natural products in plants: Terpenes and steroids. Alkaloids. Natural Phenolic compounds.
Sucrose and starch metabolism in plants: Synthesis versus degradation pathways- synthesis of cellulose, pectic substances and other cell wall polysaccharides. Lipid metabolism: Biosynthesis of fatty acids- Biosynthesis of proteins: Stages of protein synthesis in the ribosome. Regulation of metabolism: Compartmentalization of enzymes. Alternate pathways for metabolism of a substrate. Kinetic factors. Control of enzyme concentration by regulation of transcription and translation. Allosteric enzymes. Some important biological carriers.
Bot. 512 SECDONDARY PLANT PRODUCTS (2+3): 3
Introduction. Classification of natural products. Methods of collection of natural plant products: Separation and purification of secondary natural plant products. Identification of chemical structure of secondary compounds. Physical methods. Chemical methods. Biosynthesis of natural products in plants: Terpenes and steroids. Alkaloids. Natural Phenolic compounds.
Bot. 415 PLANT TAXONOMY II (2+6): 4
Bot. 415 PLANT TAXONOMY II (2+6): 4
Reproduction: Sexual and asexual reproduction, Apomictic reproduction. Breeding systems: Out breeding and inbreeding, hybridization, factors affecting hybridization; using examples of important plants. Geographical isolation in relation to speciation: Polyploidy and it’s taxonomic treatment, Origin of species. Study of important crops in Sudan. Practicals: Taxonomic studies of important monocotyledonous plants e.g. The gramminae. Reproduction in plants: Study of different methods of reproduction, construction of taxonomic keys to differentiate between species.
Reproduction: Sexual and asexual reproduction, Apomictic reproduction. Breeding systems: Out breeding and inbreeding, hybridization, factors affecting hybridization; using examples of important plants. Geographical isolation in relation to speciation: Polyploidy and it’s taxonomic treatment, Origin of species. Study of important crops in Sudan. Practicals: Taxonomic studies of important monocotyledonous plants e.g. The gramminae. Reproduction in plants: Study of different methods of reproduction, construction of taxonomic keys to differentiate between species.
Bot. 414 MICROBIOLOGY(Bacteriology) III (2+3): 3
Bot. 414 MICROBIOLOGY(Bacteriology) III (2+3): 3
Introduction: General characteristics of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cell structure and functions. Cultural characteristics and shapes of bacterial cells. Bacterial growth, nutrition and metabolism: Factors influencing bacterial growth, the concept of asepsis. Bacterial genetics: recombination and plasmids. The control of bacteria: Chemical, physical and biological means of control. Classification of bacteria : Classification according to Bergy`s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Survey of bacterial groups with emphasis on the structure and characteristics of econ9omically important groups. Effect of bacteria on the environment. Fermentation Techniques: Fermentation and importance of bacteria in biotechnology.
Introduction: General characteristics of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cell structure and functions. Cultural characteristics and shapes of bacterial cells. Bacterial growth, nutrition and metabolism: Factors influencing bacterial growth, the concept of asepsis. Bacterial genetics: recombination and plasmids. The control of bacteria: Chemical, physical and biological means of control. Classification of bacteria : Classification according to Bergy`s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Survey of bacterial groups with emphasis on the structure and characteristics of econ9omically important groups. Effect of bacteria on the environment. Fermentation Techniques: Fermentation and importance of bacteria in biotechnology.
Bot. 413 ECOLOGY II (2+3): 3
Bot. 413 ECOLOGY II (2+3): 3
Introduction: Sources of ecological knowledge. A. Evolution of Global ecosystems: Ancient and present. B. Environmental changes: Abiotic ( physical changes), biotic activities; mainly human. Negative changes: e.g. pollution/ overexploitation of natural resources. Positive changes: Advances in science and technology, genetics and control of epidemic diseases. Energy: Alternative sources; sun, wind. C. Strategic programs for disasters and risks evasion: New approaches to monitor and evaluate magnitudes of changes in: Social settings, quantitative and qualitative competition, degradation, density, dynamics. Prominent changes with: Local, regional and global impact; 1. Salinity/ loss of fertility/ fire. 2. Epidemics/ pests/ atomic residues/ desertification and drought. 3. Water and air pollution/ green-house effect.
Introduction: Sources of ecological knowledge. A. Evolution of Global ecosystems: Ancient and present. B. Environmental changes: Abiotic ( physical changes), biotic activities; mainly human. Negative changes: e.g. pollution/ overexploitation of natural resources. Positive changes: Advances in science and technology, genetics and control of epidemic diseases. Energy: Alternative sources; sun, wind. C. Strategic programs for disasters and risks evasion: New approaches to monitor and evaluate magnitudes of changes in: Social settings, quantitative and qualitative competition, degradation, density, dynamics. Prominent changes with: Local, regional and global impact; 1. Salinity/ loss of fertility/ fire. 2. Epidemics/ pests/ atomic residues/ desertification and drought. 3. Water and air pollution/ green-house effect.
Bot. 412 BIOCHEMISTRY IV (2+3): 3
Bot. 412 BIOCHEMISTRY IV (2+3): 3
Metabolism: Definitions, principles of metabolism, forms of energy, high energy, bioenergetics, formation of ATP in living cells, mechanisms of ATP action. Biological oxidation: Glycolysis, Kreb`s cycle. Biological techniques: Principles in biological techniques, methods in instrumental analysis, methods of separation( different chromatographic methods: thin layer, paper, column, gas, electrophoresis …etc). Electron transport systems: Systems and oxidative phosphorylation, hexose monophosphate shunt.
Metabolism: Definitions, principles of metabolism, forms of energy, high energy, bioenergetics, formation of ATP in living cells, mechanisms of ATP action. Biological oxidation: Glycolysis, Kreb`s cycle. Biological techniques: Principles in biological techniques, methods in instrumental analysis, methods of separation( different chromatographic methods: thin layer, paper, column, gas, electrophoresis …etc). Electron transport systems: Systems and oxidative phosphorylation, hexose monophosphate shunt.
Bot. 411 BIOCHEMISTRY III (2+3): 3
Bot. 411 BIOCHEMISTRY III (2+3): 3
Amino Acids: Protein and non-protein amino acids. Structure, formulae, physical properties, reactions, titration, stereoisomerism, ionic properties, general and specific tests.
Proteins: Structure, peptide synthesis, peptide bond, classification, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Solubility, fractionation, analysis, precipitation, colour and non-colour tests. Biological importance.
Nucleic Acids: Occurrence, ribose and deoxyribose nucleic acids, nitrogenous bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of DNA, structure of RNA. Structure of RNA. Biological importance. Enzymes: Definitions, nature, nomenclature, classification, zymogens, isoenzymes, co-enzymes and vitamins, specificity, activity. Purification, reaction order, kinetics.
Amino Acids: Protein and non-protein amino acids. Structure, formulae, physical properties, reactions, titration, stereoisomerism, ionic properties, general and specific tests.
Proteins: Structure, peptide synthesis, peptide bond, classification, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Solubility, fractionation, analysis, precipitation, colour and non-colour tests. Biological importance.
Nucleic Acids: Occurrence, ribose and deoxyribose nucleic acids, nitrogenous bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of DNA, structure of RNA. Structure of RNA. Biological importance. Enzymes: Definitions, nature, nomenclature, classification, zymogens, isoenzymes, co-enzymes and vitamins, specificity, activity. Purification, reaction order, kinetics.
Bot. 325 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY II (2+3): 3
Bot. 325 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY II (2+3): 3
Mineral nutrition in plants: Introduction, mineral absorption, membrane equilibrium (Donan equilibrium). Mass flow: active absorption and carrier concept. Essential and beneficial elements: macro-elements, microelements, available forms, functions and deficiency symptoms. Toxic effects of mineral elements: mineral antagonism, salt requirement, Translocation in plants: Introduction- principal substances trans-located- xylem translocation- phloem translocation. Transpiration- cohesion theory- root pressure. Mechanisms: The pressure-flow hypothesis- The cytoplasmic streaming hypothesis- The activated diffusion hypothesis.
Mineral nutrition in plants: Introduction, mineral absorption, membrane equilibrium (Donan equilibrium). Mass flow: active absorption and carrier concept. Essential and beneficial elements: macro-elements, microelements, available forms, functions and deficiency symptoms. Toxic effects of mineral elements: mineral antagonism, salt requirement, Translocation in plants: Introduction- principal substances trans-located- xylem translocation- phloem translocation. Transpiration- cohesion theory- root pressure. Mechanisms: The pressure-flow hypothesis- The cytoplasmic streaming hypothesis- The activated diffusion hypothesis.
Bot. 324 MICROBIOLOGY II ( Algae) (1+3): 2
Bot. 324 MICROBIOLOGY II ( Algae) (1+3): 2
Introduction: ecological distribution of algae- historical background of algal classification. Modern trends in algal taxonomy: study of selected examples from algal classes to illustrate the diversity of structure, reproductive methods, life cycles and economic importance. Emphasis is made on classes Chlorophyta, Bacillarophyta and Phaeophyta. Culture and gGrowth of algae: isolation and purification methods for some algal species.
Laboratory training:
Laboratory training comprises: morphological studies of selected examples from different orders and classes, methods of collection, preservation and identification of algae. Use of taxonomic keys and taxonomic references. Methods of isolation and culturing of algae as a basic tool in laboratory training.
Introduction: ecological distribution of algae- historical background of algal classification. Modern trends in algal taxonomy: study of selected examples from algal classes to illustrate the diversity of structure, reproductive methods, life cycles and economic importance. Emphasis is made on classes Chlorophyta, Bacillarophyta and Phaeophyta. Culture and gGrowth of algae: isolation and purification methods for some algal species.
Laboratory training:
Laboratory training comprises: morphological studies of selected examples from different orders and classes, methods of collection, preservation and identification of algae. Use of taxonomic keys and taxonomic references. Methods of isolation and culturing of algae as a basic tool in laboratory training.
Bot. 323 GENETICS II (1+3):2
Bot. 323 GENETICS II (1+3):2
Microbial Genetics. Genetic recombination in bacteria: transformation, general transduction, specialized transduction, abortive transduction, sex-duction. Analysis of f recombinants as a means for mapping bacterial chromosomes. Genetic recombination in Fungi: analysis of ordered and non-ordered tetrads, mapping of fungal chromosomes.
Microbial Genetics. Genetic recombination in bacteria: transformation, general transduction, specialized transduction, abortive transduction, sex-duction. Analysis of f recombinants as a means for mapping bacterial chromosomes. Genetic recombination in Fungi: analysis of ordered and non-ordered tetrads, mapping of fungal chromosomes.
Bot. 322 ECOLOGY I (2+6): 4
Bot. 322 ECOLOGY I (2+6): 4
Climatic factors: their effect on vegetation and as limiting factors in terrestrial plants distribution. Vegetation belts(biomes): global-vegetation belts in Sudan. Field trips: elucidation of some vegetation types e.g. smi-arid in north Khartoum State- The Sunut Forest etc. Practicals: Field studies to elucidate plant modifications in response to climate, use of instruments and devices to measure climatic variables.
Climatic factors: their effect on vegetation and as limiting factors in terrestrial plants distribution. Vegetation belts(biomes): global-vegetation belts in Sudan. Field trips: elucidation of some vegetation types e.g. smi-arid in north Khartoum State- The Sunut Forest etc. Practicals: Field studies to elucidate plant modifications in response to climate, use of instruments and devices to measure climatic variables.
Bot. 321 BIOCHEMISTRY II (1+3):2
Bot. 321 BIOCHEMISTRY II (1+3):2
Biological Membranes (biomembranes): Introduction, surfaces and intersurfaces. Chemical composition: lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Structure of membranes, physico-chemical techniques, isolation of membranes. Morphology and interaction of different biological membranes: plasma membrane, mitochondrion, chloroplast, mesosome, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, tonoplast, nucleus and other membranes. Membrane transport of: non-electrolytes, transport of ions, transport of water. Transport by special mechanisms: receptor and ligand interaction.
Biological Membranes (biomembranes): Introduction, surfaces and intersurfaces. Chemical composition: lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Structure of membranes, physico-chemical techniques, isolation of membranes. Morphology and interaction of different biological membranes: plasma membrane, mitochondrion, chloroplast, mesosome, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, tonoplast, nucleus and other membranes. Membrane transport of: non-electrolytes, transport of ions, transport of water. Transport by special mechanisms: receptor and ligand interaction.
Bot. 316 PLANT TAXONOMY I (1+3): 2
Bot. 316 PLANT TAXONOMY I (1+3): 2
Introduction: identification and nomenclature of plants. Taxonomic criteria: use of taxonomic characters in classification of plants- Deme terminology- The use of keys- Herbarium in identification of plants- Systems of classification. Practical : the use and construction of taxonomic keys in identification of plants. Field trips to selected areas.
Introduction: identification and nomenclature of plants. Taxonomic criteria: use of taxonomic characters in classification of plants- Deme terminology- The use of keys- Herbarium in identification of plants- Systems of classification. Practical : the use and construction of taxonomic keys in identification of plants. Field trips to selected areas.
Bot. 315 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY I (1+3): 2
Bot. 315 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY I (1+3): 2
Plant-water Relationships: A. Water and plants- classification of plants according to water availability- water cycle- the role of water in plants- water content of plants. B. Chemical and physical properties of water. C. Water and soil: soil properties- soil water- water movement in the soil- determination of soil-water content. D. Cell-water relationships: cell structure- Terminology in plant-water relationships: Plasmolysis- cell permeability-water movement within the cell- determination of water potential component in plants. E. Water movement to the plant: Root structure- movement of water to the xylem- factors affecting water absorption- the ascent of sap in the xylem. F. Loss of water from the plant: Transpiration- leaf anatomy- transpiring surfaces- stomata- measurement of transpiration- factors affecting the rate of transpiration.
Plant-water Relationships: A. Water and plants- classification of plants according to water availability- water cycle- the role of water in plants- water content of plants. B. Chemical and physical properties of water. C. Water and soil: soil properties- soil water- water movement in the soil- determination of soil-water content. D. Cell-water relationships: cell structure- Terminology in plant-water relationships: Plasmolysis- cell permeability-water movement within the cell- determination of water potential component in plants. E. Water movement to the plant: Root structure- movement of water to the xylem- factors affecting water absorption- the ascent of sap in the xylem. F. Loss of water from the plant: Transpiration- leaf anatomy- transpiring surfaces- stomata- measurement of transpiration- factors affecting the rate of transpiration.
Bot. 314 MICROBIOLOGY I (2+6): 4
Bot. 314 MICROBIOLOGY I (2+6): 4
1. Introduction: Position of Fungi in The Five Kingdom concept. Comparison between: bacteria, Algae and Fungi, cellular structure, genomic composition and nutrition. 2.Kingdom Fungi: Occurrence, importance, structure, Myxomycota, Eumycota, unicellular yeast.
3. Nutrition: Saprophytes and parasites, economic importance, environmental importance. Nutritional requirements. Fungal physiology: Effects of : humidity, temperature oxygen and pH. Importance: Plant diseases, industry, scientific research. 5.Growth and sexual and asexual reproduction, their importance. 6. Classification according to Ainsworth,1973: Kingdom- Divisions: Myxomycota, Eumycota, Ssub-divisions: Oomycetes, Zygomcetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, hyphomyctes. Selected examples to study the structure of a representative of each of the sub-division. Examples to elucidate theoretical, economic , scientific importance. Classification to species level.
1. Introduction: Position of Fungi in The Five Kingdom concept. Comparison between: bacteria, Algae and Fungi, cellular structure, genomic composition and nutrition. 2.Kingdom Fungi: Occurrence, importance, structure, Myxomycota, Eumycota, unicellular yeast.
3. Nutrition: Saprophytes and parasites, economic importance, environmental importance. Nutritional requirements. Fungal physiology: Effects of : humidity, temperature oxygen and pH. Importance: Plant diseases, industry, scientific research. 5.Growth and sexual and asexual reproduction, their importance. 6. Classification according to Ainsworth,1973: Kingdom- Divisions: Myxomycota, Eumycota, Ssub-divisions: Oomycetes, Zygomcetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, hyphomyctes. Selected examples to study the structure of a representative of each of the sub-division. Examples to elucidate theoretical, economic , scientific importance. Classification to species level.
Bot. 313 GENETICS I (1+3): 2
Bot. 313 GENETICS I (1+3): 2
Chromosomal variations: their origin and cytological behaviour during meiosis, effect on fertility, gene expression and speciation. Cytoplasmic inheritance and maternal effects. Genetic constitution of populations: Hardy-Weinberg Law, factors affecting gene frequency and equilibrium. Variation of gene frequencies under simplified and less simplified conditions. Continuous variation- values and means of a population. Inbreeding depression and heterosis. Genetic analysis: analysis of morphological characters and their use in chromosome mapping in dihybrid and trihybrid crosses. Tetrad analysis in Fungi.
Chromosomal variations: their origin and cytological behaviour during meiosis, effect on fertility, gene expression and speciation. Cytoplasmic inheritance and maternal effects. Genetic constitution of populations: Hardy-Weinberg Law, factors affecting gene frequency and equilibrium. Variation of gene frequencies under simplified and less simplified conditions. Continuous variation- values and means of a population. Inbreeding depression and heterosis. Genetic analysis: analysis of morphological characters and their use in chromosome mapping in dihybrid and trihybrid crosses. Tetrad analysis in Fungi.
Bot. 311 BIOCHEMISTRY I (2+3): 3Bot. 312 BIOSTATISTICS I (2+3): 3
Bot. 311 BIOCHEMISTRY I (2+3): 3
Carbohydrates and lipids: Nature, classification, occurrence, structure. Role in plants: Biological functions in living organisms, examples of and detailed study of structure and function, their biochemical reactions in living organisms.
Bot. 312 BIOSTATISTICS I (2+3): 3
Descriptive statistics: Measures of location (central tendency): mean, median, mode. Measures of Dispersion: Variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation. Principles of Probability Theory: Probability distributions: normal distribution, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, t-distribution, F-distribution, Chi-square ( χ2 ) distribution.
Carbohydrates and lipids: Nature, classification, occurrence, structure. Role in plants: Biological functions in living organisms, examples of and detailed study of structure and function, their biochemical reactions in living organisms.
Bot. 312 BIOSTATISTICS I (2+3): 3
Descriptive statistics: Measures of location (central tendency): mean, median, mode. Measures of Dispersion: Variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation. Principles of Probability Theory: Probability distributions: normal distribution, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, t-distribution, F-distribution, Chi-square ( χ2 ) distribution.
Bio. 223 INVERTIBRATES (1+3):2
Bio. 223 INVERTIBRATES (1+3):2
Introduction to taxonomy: Classification of invertebrates. Phylum Protozoa, Porifera, Colelentrata, Mollusca, Platyhelmintha, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata. Study of examples from different phyla: Biology, structure and function. Inter-relations between organisms and their environments.
Introduction to taxonomy: Classification of invertebrates. Phylum Protozoa, Porifera, Colelentrata, Mollusca, Platyhelmintha, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata. Study of examples from different phyla: Biology, structure and function. Inter-relations between organisms and their environments.
Bio.222 PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION (3+3): 4
Bio.222 PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION (3+3): 4
The Evolution of Life. The Concept of the Six Kingdoms of Life: its relation to plant systematics. The Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Algae. Non-vascular plants: Hepaticophyta, Anthocerotophyta, Bryophyta. Vascular Plants: Seedless vascular plants: Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta. Vascular Seed Plants ( Angiosperms): Anthophyta: Monocotyledonous plants, Dicotyledonous plants. Evolutionary trends in the plant Kingdom.
The Evolution of Life. The Concept of the Six Kingdoms of Life: its relation to plant systematics. The Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Algae. Non-vascular plants: Hepaticophyta, Anthocerotophyta, Bryophyta. Vascular Plants: Seedless vascular plants: Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta. Vascular Seed Plants ( Angiosperms): Anthophyta: Monocotyledonous plants, Dicotyledonous plants. Evolutionary trends in the plant Kingdom.
Bio. 223 PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS (1+3): 2
Bio. 223 PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS (1+3): 2
Mendelian Principles: Gene interaction, lethal genes, environmental effects on gene expression. Sex determination and sex linkage. General linkage and gene mapping in diploids ( dihybrid crosses). Molecular genetics: Structure and replication of the genetic material. The genetic code. Gene mutations: Chemical, physical and biological mutagens. Mutagenic agents and human activities. Co-linearity between DNA nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence.
Mendelian Principles: Gene interaction, lethal genes, environmental effects on gene expression. Sex determination and sex linkage. General linkage and gene mapping in diploids ( dihybrid crosses). Molecular genetics: Structure and replication of the genetic material. The genetic code. Gene mutations: Chemical, physical and biological mutagens. Mutagenic agents and human activities. Co-linearity between DNA nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence.
Bio. 212 PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY (3+3):4
Bio. 212 PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY (3+3):4
Environmental Factors: Factors interaction. Factors interdependence. Climatic factors: Light as an environmental factor. Temperature. Topography. Water and humidity. Biotic factors: Animal and plant interactions. Plant/ plant interactions. Competition. Human impact. Edaphic factors: What is soil? Soil composition, humus. Chemical composition of soil. Plant succession: Primary succession, secondary succession, climax.
Environmental Factors: Factors interaction. Factors interdependence. Climatic factors: Light as an environmental factor. Temperature. Topography. Water and humidity. Biotic factors: Animal and plant interactions. Plant/ plant interactions. Competition. Human impact. Edaphic factors: What is soil? Soil composition, humus. Chemical composition of soil. Plant succession: Primary succession, secondary succession, climax.
Bio211 PLANT AND ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (3+3): 4
Bio211 PLANT AND ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (3+3): 4
Introduction: Gametogenesis. Early embryonic development (Cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation and organogenesis) of Amphioxus, frog, Chicken and a placental mammal. Regeneration, artificial production of twins, embryo storage ad transfer, cloning.
PLANT ANATOMY. Introduction: Plant anatomy and growing plants. Differentiation, totipotency, polarity, pattern formation and unequal cell divisions, factors controlling differentiation. The plant cell content and ergastic substances: The cell wall, components and structure of the cell wall, intercellular spaces, Plasmodesmata. Cells and tissues: Parenchyma, and collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Fibers, their origin and development, economic use. Cambium and pteridium. Epidermis: root and aerial parts. Trichoplasts, cuticle, silica, cork and crystal cells. Stomata: their distribution, types, structure and formation. Xylem: Its origin and fine structure, phylogeny, genetic aspects. Phloem: Sieve elements, control of phloem differentiation, transfer cells, secretory structures, economic importance of plant secretions. Secretory cells and tissues: Classification, mechanism and purpose of secretion. Stem: Arrangement of tissues, development of steles. Leaf: Structure, development, relationship with reference to function and environment. Root: Structure and function, mycorrhizae, root nodules and nitrogen fixation. Ecological anatomy: Study of roots, stems and leaves of hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes. Economic aspects of applied plant anatomy.
Introduction: Gametogenesis. Early embryonic development (Cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation and organogenesis) of Amphioxus, frog, Chicken and a placental mammal. Regeneration, artificial production of twins, embryo storage ad transfer, cloning.
PLANT ANATOMY. Introduction: Plant anatomy and growing plants. Differentiation, totipotency, polarity, pattern formation and unequal cell divisions, factors controlling differentiation. The plant cell content and ergastic substances: The cell wall, components and structure of the cell wall, intercellular spaces, Plasmodesmata. Cells and tissues: Parenchyma, and collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Fibers, their origin and development, economic use. Cambium and pteridium. Epidermis: root and aerial parts. Trichoplasts, cuticle, silica, cork and crystal cells. Stomata: their distribution, types, structure and formation. Xylem: Its origin and fine structure, phylogeny, genetic aspects. Phloem: Sieve elements, control of phloem differentiation, transfer cells, secretory structures, economic importance of plant secretions. Secretory cells and tissues: Classification, mechanism and purpose of secretion. Stem: Arrangement of tissues, development of steles. Leaf: Structure, development, relationship with reference to function and environment. Root: Structure and function, mycorrhizae, root nodules and nitrogen fixation. Ecological anatomy: Study of roots, stems and leaves of hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes. Economic aspects of applied plant anatomy.
Bio. 122 Diversity Of Life III: (3+3): 4
Bio. 122 Diversity Of Life III: (3+3): 4
Introducing Animalia: Characteristics of major divisions, origin of multicellularity. Characteristics, diversity, structure and functions, adaptations, importance of Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nemartina, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata. Comparative functional anatomy of Vertebrates: Characteristics and classification of chordates, structure and function of vertebrate body systems.
Introducing Animalia: Characteristics of major divisions, origin of multicellularity. Characteristics, diversity, structure and functions, adaptations, importance of Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nemartina, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata. Comparative functional anatomy of Vertebrates: Characteristics and classification of chordates, structure and function of vertebrate body systems.
Bio.121 Diversity of Life II (3+3):4
Bio.121 Diversity of Life II (3+3):4
Plant Biology. Major plant Characteristics, origin of multicellularity, basic plant life cycles. Bryophyta: Characteristics, life cycle. Pteridophyta: Characteristics, support and transport, life cycle. Seed plants: Origin, characteristics, major subdivisions. Gymnosperms: Characteristics, classification, reproduction, importance. Anthophyta (= Angiosperms): Plant morphology: structure, gross functions and modifications of leaves, stems and roots. Plant nutrition, transport and support. Reproduction, development, and growth- hormones and growth regulation. Diversity of flowering plants- importance.
Plant Biology. Major plant Characteristics, origin of multicellularity, basic plant life cycles. Bryophyta: Characteristics, life cycle. Pteridophyta: Characteristics, support and transport, life cycle. Seed plants: Origin, characteristics, major subdivisions. Gymnosperms: Characteristics, classification, reproduction, importance. Anthophyta (= Angiosperms): Plant morphology: structure, gross functions and modifications of leaves, stems and roots. Plant nutrition, transport and support. Reproduction, development, and growth- hormones and growth regulation. Diversity of flowering plants- importance.
Bio. 112 Diversity Of Life I (3+3): 4
Bio. 112 Diversity Of Life I (3+3): 4
Biology of Lower Forms of Life. Origin of Life: Formation of solar system and planet earth, a biogenesis and biopoiesis. Introduction to classical taxonomy: Definition, methods (homology and phylogeny), activities ( classification, nomenclature, identification), definition of species, taxonomic hierarchy, the Five Kingdom Concept. Characteristics, classification, life activities, importance, evolution of Viruses, Viroids, Monera, Protesta and Fungi.
Biology of Lower Forms of Life. Origin of Life: Formation of solar system and planet earth, a biogenesis and biopoiesis. Introduction to classical taxonomy: Definition, methods (homology and phylogeny), activities ( classification, nomenclature, identification), definition of species, taxonomic hierarchy, the Five Kingdom Concept. Characteristics, classification, life activities, importance, evolution of Viruses, Viroids, Monera, Protesta and Fungi.
Bio. 111 Biological Concepts. (3+3): 4.
Bio. 111 Biological Concepts. (3+3): 4.
Introducing Biology: Science: Definition, philosophy, methods, classification. Biology: definition, branches. Life on earth: origin, conditions necessary for life.
Chemical Basis of Life: Chemical bonds, water: hydrogen bonds, properties, dissociation, acids and bases, pH scale, buffers, importance to life. Organic Molecules: Carbon, functional groups, monomers and polymers, chemical structure, properties, classification and gross functions of : carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Energetics of Chemical Reactions: the first and second laws of thermodynamics, free energy, factors affecting the rates of chemical reactions. Enzymes: Definition, nomenclature, function, properties, regulation of enzyme activity, cofactors and metabolic pathways. Glycolysis and cellular respiration: ATP, oxidation-reduction reactions, phosphorylation, Glycolysis and anaerobic pathways, oxidation of pyruvate, Kreb`s cycle, electron transport chain, mitochondrial membranes and chemiosmosis. Catabolic pathways of : starch, fats and proteins. Photosynthesis: nature of light and the spectrum electromagnetic radiation, absorption spectrum of chlorophyll, chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes, photosynthetic pigments, light dependent reactions, electron flow in photo-system (I) and (II), Phosphorylation, light independent reactions, photorespiration, C 3 and C 4 plants, importance of photosynthesis to life on earth.
Introduction to cytology ad cyto-physiology: The cell theory, methods of studying cells, main types of cells( prokaryotic, eukaryotic, animal plant), structural components of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, their gross functions. Cell size, plasma membrane ( fluid mosaic model), movement of material into and out of cells, linkage and communication between cells, wall and glyocalyx, cell movements( creeping, gliding, swimming, cytoplasmic streaming).
Introducing Biology: Science: Definition, philosophy, methods, classification. Biology: definition, branches. Life on earth: origin, conditions necessary for life.
Chemical Basis of Life: Chemical bonds, water: hydrogen bonds, properties, dissociation, acids and bases, pH scale, buffers, importance to life. Organic Molecules: Carbon, functional groups, monomers and polymers, chemical structure, properties, classification and gross functions of : carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Energetics of Chemical Reactions: the first and second laws of thermodynamics, free energy, factors affecting the rates of chemical reactions. Enzymes: Definition, nomenclature, function, properties, regulation of enzyme activity, cofactors and metabolic pathways. Glycolysis and cellular respiration: ATP, oxidation-reduction reactions, phosphorylation, Glycolysis and anaerobic pathways, oxidation of pyruvate, Kreb`s cycle, electron transport chain, mitochondrial membranes and chemiosmosis. Catabolic pathways of : starch, fats and proteins. Photosynthesis: nature of light and the spectrum electromagnetic radiation, absorption spectrum of chlorophyll, chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes, photosynthetic pigments, light dependent reactions, electron flow in photo-system (I) and (II), Phosphorylation, light independent reactions, photorespiration, C 3 and C 4 plants, importance of photosynthesis to life on earth.
Introduction to cytology ad cyto-physiology: The cell theory, methods of studying cells, main types of cells( prokaryotic, eukaryotic, animal plant), structural components of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, their gross functions. Cell size, plasma membrane ( fluid mosaic model), movement of material into and out of cells, linkage and communication between cells, wall and glyocalyx, cell movements( creeping, gliding, swimming, cytoplasmic streaming).
Bot. 425 MICROBIOLOGY VI (2+3): 3Bot. 426 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY III (3+6): 5
Bot. 425 MICROBIOLOGY VI (2+3): 3
Principles of plant pathology. Introduction: parasitism and development of disease. Mechanisms of disease formation: Mechanisms of infection by pathogenic organisms, effect of pathogenesis on physiological functions of plants, mechanisms of defence in plants. Genetics as related to plant pathology: Resistance, susceptibility and tolerance, environmental influence on development of infective plant diseases. Host-parasite relationships: Concept of plant/microbe interactions, disease formation and host/parasite systems. Molecular genetics of pathogenesis: Molecular mechanisms in disease formation, molecular genetics methods in identification of parasites. Regulation of parasite enzymes and its role in disease formation, plant parasite interactions. The role of hydrolytic enzymes in plant resistance to disease formation, partial response of plants to disease, molecular responses to disease, genetic and molecular aspects of resistance in response to infection or chemical substances, tumor formation in plants, parasitic flowering plants.
Bot. 426 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY III (3+6): 5
Growth and development in plants. Introduction: Growth processes; germination of seeds, seed types and chemical composition of seeds. Seed dormancy and methods of breaking seed dormancy. Economical, ecological and developmental importance of seed dormancy. Differentiation: Introduction- Principles of molecular differentiation. Growth movements: Tropisms and other growth movements resulting from external stimuli. Phytochrome and plant growth: Responses of plants to phytochromes during growth. Reproductive growth: The life-cycle of flowering plants- the flowering process, photoperiodism and vernalization. Senescence and death. Control and co-ordination in plants. Plant growth hormones: Introduction- Growth factors- The chemistry of major groups of plant hormones: Auxins, Gibberelins, Cytokinins. Phenolic inhibitors and Abscisic acid. Ethylene, Polyamines. Metabolic pathways: Biosynthesis, destruction(oxidation), inactivation …etc). Transport and it’s role in controlling growth and development- Synthetic plant growth substances. Stress physiology: A. Water stress: Morphological changes resulting from water stress, physiological responses to water stress. B. Heat stress. C. Nutrients stress. D. Disease stress.
Principles of plant pathology. Introduction: parasitism and development of disease. Mechanisms of disease formation: Mechanisms of infection by pathogenic organisms, effect of pathogenesis on physiological functions of plants, mechanisms of defence in plants. Genetics as related to plant pathology: Resistance, susceptibility and tolerance, environmental influence on development of infective plant diseases. Host-parasite relationships: Concept of plant/microbe interactions, disease formation and host/parasite systems. Molecular genetics of pathogenesis: Molecular mechanisms in disease formation, molecular genetics methods in identification of parasites. Regulation of parasite enzymes and its role in disease formation, plant parasite interactions. The role of hydrolytic enzymes in plant resistance to disease formation, partial response of plants to disease, molecular responses to disease, genetic and molecular aspects of resistance in response to infection or chemical substances, tumor formation in plants, parasitic flowering plants.
Bot. 426 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY III (3+6): 5
Growth and development in plants. Introduction: Growth processes; germination of seeds, seed types and chemical composition of seeds. Seed dormancy and methods of breaking seed dormancy. Economical, ecological and developmental importance of seed dormancy. Differentiation: Introduction- Principles of molecular differentiation. Growth movements: Tropisms and other growth movements resulting from external stimuli. Phytochrome and plant growth: Responses of plants to phytochromes during growth. Reproductive growth: The life-cycle of flowering plants- the flowering process, photoperiodism and vernalization. Senescence and death. Control and co-ordination in plants. Plant growth hormones: Introduction- Growth factors- The chemistry of major groups of plant hormones: Auxins, Gibberelins, Cytokinins. Phenolic inhibitors and Abscisic acid. Ethylene, Polyamines. Metabolic pathways: Biosynthesis, destruction(oxidation), inactivation …etc). Transport and it’s role in controlling growth and development- Synthetic plant growth substances. Stress physiology: A. Water stress: Morphological changes resulting from water stress, physiological responses to water stress. B. Heat stress. C. Nutrients stress. D. Disease stress.
Bot. 423 GENETICS III (2+3): 3Bot. 424 MICROBIOLOGY V (Virology) (2+3): 3
Bot. 423 GENETICS III (2+3): 3
Molecular genetics: Physical, chemical and biological evidence that DNA is the genetic material, the genetic dogma. Structures of DNA and RNAs: Macro and micro organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene Mutations: Types of mutations, mutagenic agents, mechanism of action of some mutagens, classification of mutations at the molecular level, some aspects of the environmental effects of mutagens and their importance. Replication of DNA: Replication in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and some models for replication of viral genetic material. DNA Repair: Repair of errors of replication and mutations, revertants in genetic analysis. Gene Expression: Regulation of Gene Expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology.
Bot. 424 MICROBIOLOGY V (Virology) (2+3): 3
Viruses: Introduction, history and general properties, cultivation, purification and assays. Virions: structure and size, helical, icosahedral capsids, viral envelopes and enzymes. Viral genetic material: DNA and RNA viruses. Principles of virus taxonomy: Bacterial viruses: Reproduction of DNA phages and lytic cycles, reproduction of RNA viruses and lysogeny. Animal viruses: Classification and reproduction. Plant viruses: Taxonomy, reproduction and transmission. Viruses of : insects, fungi and algae. Viroids and prions.
Molecular genetics: Physical, chemical and biological evidence that DNA is the genetic material, the genetic dogma. Structures of DNA and RNAs: Macro and micro organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene Mutations: Types of mutations, mutagenic agents, mechanism of action of some mutagens, classification of mutations at the molecular level, some aspects of the environmental effects of mutagens and their importance. Replication of DNA: Replication in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and some models for replication of viral genetic material. DNA Repair: Repair of errors of replication and mutations, revertants in genetic analysis. Gene Expression: Regulation of Gene Expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology.
Bot. 424 MICROBIOLOGY V (Virology) (2+3): 3
Viruses: Introduction, history and general properties, cultivation, purification and assays. Virions: structure and size, helical, icosahedral capsids, viral envelopes and enzymes. Viral genetic material: DNA and RNA viruses. Principles of virus taxonomy: Bacterial viruses: Reproduction of DNA phages and lytic cycles, reproduction of RNA viruses and lysogeny. Animal viruses: Classification and reproduction. Plant viruses: Taxonomy, reproduction and transmission. Viruses of : insects, fungi and algae. Viroids and prions.
Bot. 423 GENETICS III (2+3): 3
Bot. 423 GENETICS III (2+3): 3
Molecular genetics: Physical, chemical and biological evidence that DNA is the genetic material, the genetic dogma. Structures of DNA and RNAs: Macro and micro organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene Mutations: Types of mutations, mutagenic agents, mechanism of action of some mutagens, classification of mutations at the molecular level, some aspects of the environmental effects of mutagens and their importance. Replication of DNA: Replication in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and some models for replication of viral genetic material. DNA Repair: Repair of errors of replication and mutations, revertants in genetic analysis. Gene Expression: Regulation of Gene Expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology.
Molecular genetics: Physical, chemical and biological evidence that DNA is the genetic material, the genetic dogma. Structures of DNA and RNAs: Macro and micro organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene Mutations: Types of mutations, mutagenic agents, mechanism of action of some mutagens, classification of mutations at the molecular level, some aspects of the environmental effects of mutagens and their importance. Replication of DNA: Replication in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and some models for replication of viral genetic material. DNA Repair: Repair of errors of replication and mutations, revertants in genetic analysis. Gene Expression: Regulation of Gene Expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology.
Bot. 422 ECOLOGY III (2+3):3
Bot. 422 ECOLOGY III (2+3):3
Feasible solutions for environmental problems. Public awareness, field and laboratory approaches. Population dynamics in plants and animals. Field trip (10 days) outside Khartoum State.
Feasible solutions for environmental problems. Public awareness, field and laboratory approaches. Population dynamics in plants and animals. Field trip (10 days) outside Khartoum State.
Bot. 421 BIOSTASTICS II (2+3): 3
Bot. 421 BIOSTASTICS II (2+3): 3
Sampling and sampling distributions. Inferential statistics. Tests of hypotheses: using z and t tests to compare sample and population means. Use of G and χ2 in tests of association and goodness of fit. Principles and methods of analysis of variance: (ANOVA) and methods of comparisons of means. Linear correlation and regression. The analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). Non-parametric statistical methods.
Sampling and sampling distributions. Inferential statistics. Tests of hypotheses: using z and t tests to compare sample and population means. Use of G and χ2 in tests of association and goodness of fit. Principles and methods of analysis of variance: (ANOVA) and methods of comparisons of means. Linear correlation and regression. The analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). Non-parametric statistical methods.
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
BOOKS RECOMMENDED (Latest Edition): for General ZOOLOGY
BOOKS RECOMMENDED (Latest Edition): for General ZOOLOGY
1. Watson, J.D., Hopkin, N.H, Roberts, J.W., Streitz, J.A. and Weiner, M.A.
(1990). Molecular Biology of the Gene. Benjamin, California.
2. Turner, P.C., Mclennon, A.G., Bates, A.D. and White, M.R.H. (1998).
3. Karp G. (2002). Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New
York.
4. Twyman. R.M. (1998). Advanced Molecular Biology. Bios Scientific
Publishers.
5. Weaver R.F. (1999). Molecular Biology, WCB/McGraw-Hill New York.
6. Adams, R.L.P., Knowler, J.T. and Leader, D.P. (1986). The Biochemistry of
the Nucleic Acids. Champan and Hall.
7. Cell and Molecular Biology (8th Edition) De – Robbertis & De Robertis
FMA.
8. Modern Genetics by Ayala, F.J. and Kiger, JaA.Jr.
9. Loewy, A.G. and Siekevitz. Cell structure and function, Holt Rinehart N.Y.
10. Levine, R.P. Genetics. Holt Rinehart and Winston, N.Y.
11. Robert F. Weaver, Philip W. Hedick, Basic Genetics.WCB.
12. Generald Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology, John Weley & sons.
13. Strickberger, M.W., Genetics. McMillan Co., New York.
14. Winchester, A.M. Genetics. Haugton-Miffin Co.
15. Scheeler, P. and Bianchi, D., Cell and Molecular Biology.
16. Gagong, W.F. 1987, Prentice Hall, Inc. Review of Medical Physiology.
17. Gordon M.S., Bartholomew, G.A. Grinnel A.D., Jorgensen, C.B.., and F.N.,
Animal Physiology: Principles and Adaptations, N.Y.
18. Guyton, A.C., Textbook of Medical Physiology, W.B. Saunders Company,
Philadephia.
19. Prosser, C.L. Comparative Animal Physiology, Saunders Philadelphia.
20. Hoar, W.S., General and Comparative Physiology, Inc, New Jersev.
21. Sadar, M.H. and Smith, M.S., 1993. EIA Methods and Procedure. Impact
Assessment Institute, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
22. Smith, R.L., Ecology and Field Biology, Harper and Row.
23. Michael, I. Mckinney and Robert, m Schoch, 1998. Environmental
Science, Hones and Bartett Publisher, International.
24. Chapman, J.L and Reiss, M.J., 1997. Ecology (Principles and
applications), Cambridge University Press.
25. Kormodndy, E.J., 1996. Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, India.
26. Eckert and Randall, Animal Physiology.
27. Odum, E.P., Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders.
28. Macfadyen, Animal Ecology: Aims and Methods.
29. Prosser, C.L., Cooperative animal physiology. W.B. Saunders.
30. Hoar, W.S., General and Comparative Physiology. Prentice Hall Inc.
31. Nebel, B.J., Environmental Science. Prentice Hall Inc.
32. Can, A.J., Animal species and their evolution. Hutchjinson’s U.L. London.
33. Moody, P.A., Introduction to Evolution. Harper and Row.
1. Watson, J.D., Hopkin, N.H, Roberts, J.W., Streitz, J.A. and Weiner, M.A.
(1990). Molecular Biology of the Gene. Benjamin, California.
2. Turner, P.C., Mclennon, A.G., Bates, A.D. and White, M.R.H. (1998).
3. Karp G. (2002). Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New
York.
4. Twyman. R.M. (1998). Advanced Molecular Biology. Bios Scientific
Publishers.
5. Weaver R.F. (1999). Molecular Biology, WCB/McGraw-Hill New York.
6. Adams, R.L.P., Knowler, J.T. and Leader, D.P. (1986). The Biochemistry of
the Nucleic Acids. Champan and Hall.
7. Cell and Molecular Biology (8th Edition) De – Robbertis & De Robertis
FMA.
8. Modern Genetics by Ayala, F.J. and Kiger, JaA.Jr.
9. Loewy, A.G. and Siekevitz. Cell structure and function, Holt Rinehart N.Y.
10. Levine, R.P. Genetics. Holt Rinehart and Winston, N.Y.
11. Robert F. Weaver, Philip W. Hedick, Basic Genetics.WCB.
12. Generald Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology, John Weley & sons.
13. Strickberger, M.W., Genetics. McMillan Co., New York.
14. Winchester, A.M. Genetics. Haugton-Miffin Co.
15. Scheeler, P. and Bianchi, D., Cell and Molecular Biology.
16. Gagong, W.F. 1987, Prentice Hall, Inc. Review of Medical Physiology.
17. Gordon M.S., Bartholomew, G.A. Grinnel A.D., Jorgensen, C.B.., and F.N.,
Animal Physiology: Principles and Adaptations, N.Y.
18. Guyton, A.C., Textbook of Medical Physiology, W.B. Saunders Company,
Philadephia.
19. Prosser, C.L. Comparative Animal Physiology, Saunders Philadelphia.
20. Hoar, W.S., General and Comparative Physiology, Inc, New Jersev.
21. Sadar, M.H. and Smith, M.S., 1993. EIA Methods and Procedure. Impact
Assessment Institute, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
22. Smith, R.L., Ecology and Field Biology, Harper and Row.
23. Michael, I. Mckinney and Robert, m Schoch, 1998. Environmental
Science, Hones and Bartett Publisher, International.
24. Chapman, J.L and Reiss, M.J., 1997. Ecology (Principles and
applications), Cambridge University Press.
25. Kormodndy, E.J., 1996. Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, India.
26. Eckert and Randall, Animal Physiology.
27. Odum, E.P., Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders.
28. Macfadyen, Animal Ecology: Aims and Methods.
29. Prosser, C.L., Cooperative animal physiology. W.B. Saunders.
30. Hoar, W.S., General and Comparative Physiology. Prentice Hall Inc.
31. Nebel, B.J., Environmental Science. Prentice Hall Inc.
32. Can, A.J., Animal species and their evolution. Hutchjinson’s U.L. London.
33. Moody, P.A., Introduction to Evolution. Harper and Row.
Genetics:Evolution: Ecology:
SECTION –C
Genetics:
Mendelian Principles, Multiple alleles, Interaction of genes, Linkage and
crossing over, maping of genes, Sex-determination and Sex-linkage, Mutations, gene
concept, Chromosomal aberrations, DNA as a genetic material, genetic Code, DNA
Recombinant Technology, Application of genetic Engineering, Transgenic animals.
Section –D
Evolution:
Theories of origin of Life, Biochemical origin of life, Lamarckism, Darwinism
and Neo-Darwinism, Hardy Weinberg Principle, Mutation Pressure, Selection Pressure,
Genetic drift species concept, Mechanism of evolution, modern concept of Natural
Selection, Adaptive radiation.
SECTION – E
Ecology:
Concept of Ecosystem. Biogeochemical cycle, Animal adaptation to major
Habitats, Energy flow in the Ecosystem, Food chain, Food web, Productivity of
Ecosystem Environmental Pollution, Water Pollution and Lamo Pollution.
Genetics:
Mendelian Principles, Multiple alleles, Interaction of genes, Linkage and
crossing over, maping of genes, Sex-determination and Sex-linkage, Mutations, gene
concept, Chromosomal aberrations, DNA as a genetic material, genetic Code, DNA
Recombinant Technology, Application of genetic Engineering, Transgenic animals.
Section –D
Evolution:
Theories of origin of Life, Biochemical origin of life, Lamarckism, Darwinism
and Neo-Darwinism, Hardy Weinberg Principle, Mutation Pressure, Selection Pressure,
Genetic drift species concept, Mechanism of evolution, modern concept of Natural
Selection, Adaptive radiation.
SECTION – E
Ecology:
Concept of Ecosystem. Biogeochemical cycle, Animal adaptation to major
Habitats, Energy flow in the Ecosystem, Food chain, Food web, Productivity of
Ecosystem Environmental Pollution, Water Pollution and Lamo Pollution.
General Zoology,Cell Biology:General Physiology:
General Zoology
SECTION-A
Cell Biology:
Generalized Structure of Prokayotic and Eukaryotic Cell, Morphology, chemical
composition and Functions of cellular organelles, Enzymes Catalysis, Regulation &
Inhibition, Metabolic Pathways,Glycolysis, Kreb cycle and Electrons Transport chain.
Nucleic acid, Mechanism of Protein synthesis, Transcription and Translation, Mitosis,
Meiosis.
SECTION –B
General Physiology:
Excretion and Homeostasis, osmoregulation, vertebrate nephrone as osmoregulatory
organ, Thermoregulation in Animals, Movements and Muscle, ultra structure of Muscle
fibril, mechanism of contraction, Physiological anatomy of digestive Tract, Potential and
movement in Gastrointestinal Tract, Respiration, Respiratory Mechanism, Respiratory
Pigments, Transport of O2 and Co2; cardiovascular Mechanism, electrical activity of
Heart, Blood Pressure, Coordination in animals, Nervous coordination and chemical
coordination, Nervous system, nerve Impulses, Harmones and their Biological action.
Mechanism of Active membrane Potential and Resting membrane Potential,
synopsis.
SECTION-A
Cell Biology:
Generalized Structure of Prokayotic and Eukaryotic Cell, Morphology, chemical
composition and Functions of cellular organelles, Enzymes Catalysis, Regulation &
Inhibition, Metabolic Pathways,Glycolysis, Kreb cycle and Electrons Transport chain.
Nucleic acid, Mechanism of Protein synthesis, Transcription and Translation, Mitosis,
Meiosis.
SECTION –B
General Physiology:
Excretion and Homeostasis, osmoregulation, vertebrate nephrone as osmoregulatory
organ, Thermoregulation in Animals, Movements and Muscle, ultra structure of Muscle
fibril, mechanism of contraction, Physiological anatomy of digestive Tract, Potential and
movement in Gastrointestinal Tract, Respiration, Respiratory Mechanism, Respiratory
Pigments, Transport of O2 and Co2; cardiovascular Mechanism, electrical activity of
Heart, Blood Pressure, Coordination in animals, Nervous coordination and chemical
coordination, Nervous system, nerve Impulses, Harmones and their Biological action.
Mechanism of Active membrane Potential and Resting membrane Potential,
synopsis.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED (Latest Edition): for ZOOLOGY
BOOKS RECOMMENDED (LATEST EDITION) for ZOOLOGY
1. Barrington E. J. W., 1969 Invertebrate Structure and Function. The English
Language Book Society and Nelson London.
2. Willmer,P. 1991 Invertebrate Relationships (pattern in animal evolution) Cambridge
University Press.
3. Barnes, R.D.(1980). Invertebrate Zoology (4th ed.), Saunders, Philadelphia.
4. Hegner and Engemann. Invertebrate Zoology Macmillan Publishing Company Inc,
New York.
5. Parker and Haswell. A Text Book of Zoology. (Vol.!) Macmillan London.
6. Borredaile, L.A., Potts, F.A. Eastham, L.E.S., Saunders, J.T. and Kerkut, G.A.
(1961). The Invertebrata. Cambridge University Press.
7. Hyman L.H, The Invertebrates. McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.
8. Bhatti, H.K. and Hashmi, T .H. Invertebrate Zoology Caravan Book Corporation,
Lahore.
9. Dhami and Dhami. Comparative Invertebrate Morphology.
10.F. Harvey Pough, John, Bheiser, William N. Mcfarland Vertebrate life. 2nd Edition,
1985., and 3rd Edition, 1990.
11. G.C. Kent, 1987. Comparative Anatomy of vertebrates.
12.Yong, J. Z. 1965. The life of Mammals.
13.Young, J.Z. 1981. The Life of Vertebrate.
14.Romer & Parson, The vertebrate body. 6th Edition.
15.Edwin H Colbert. 1980. Evolution of the verttbrates. 3rd edition.
16.Miller. A.S. and Harley. J.B., (1999) & 2002; Zoology. 4th &5th Edition (International).
Singapore: McGraw Hill.
17.Hickman, C.P., Roberts. L.S. and Larson. A. 2001. Integrated Principles of Zoology.
11 th Edition (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill Pechenik, J .A. (2002) Biology
of Invertebrate. 4th Edition (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill.
18.Campbell, N.A. (2002). Biology Sixth Edition. Menlo Park. California:
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. Inc.
1. Barrington E. J. W., 1969 Invertebrate Structure and Function. The English
Language Book Society and Nelson London.
2. Willmer,P. 1991 Invertebrate Relationships (pattern in animal evolution) Cambridge
University Press.
3. Barnes, R.D.(1980). Invertebrate Zoology (4th ed.), Saunders, Philadelphia.
4. Hegner and Engemann. Invertebrate Zoology Macmillan Publishing Company Inc,
New York.
5. Parker and Haswell. A Text Book of Zoology. (Vol.!) Macmillan London.
6. Borredaile, L.A., Potts, F.A. Eastham, L.E.S., Saunders, J.T. and Kerkut, G.A.
(1961). The Invertebrata. Cambridge University Press.
7. Hyman L.H, The Invertebrates. McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.
8. Bhatti, H.K. and Hashmi, T .H. Invertebrate Zoology Caravan Book Corporation,
Lahore.
9. Dhami and Dhami. Comparative Invertebrate Morphology.
10.F. Harvey Pough, John, Bheiser, William N. Mcfarland Vertebrate life. 2nd Edition,
1985., and 3rd Edition, 1990.
11. G.C. Kent, 1987. Comparative Anatomy of vertebrates.
12.Yong, J. Z. 1965. The life of Mammals.
13.Young, J.Z. 1981. The Life of Vertebrate.
14.Romer & Parson, The vertebrate body. 6th Edition.
15.Edwin H Colbert. 1980. Evolution of the verttbrates. 3rd edition.
16.Miller. A.S. and Harley. J.B., (1999) & 2002; Zoology. 4th &5th Edition (International).
Singapore: McGraw Hill.
17.Hickman, C.P., Roberts. L.S. and Larson. A. 2001. Integrated Principles of Zoology.
11 th Edition (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill Pechenik, J .A. (2002) Biology
of Invertebrate. 4th Edition (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill.
18.Campbell, N.A. (2002). Biology Sixth Edition. Menlo Park. California:
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. Inc.
Chordata:Amphibian:Reptile: Aves:Mammalia:
Chordata:
Origin and basic plan of chordate, basic plane of vertebvrate body,
Earliest known vertebrate, Primitive jawed vertebrate, Evolution of
jaw in vertebrate, Swimblader in Fishes, Excretion and
Osmoregulation.
Amphibian:
First terrestrial vertebrates:
Evolutionary perspective, Excretion and Osmoregulation,
Reproduction and development.
Reptile:
The First Amniotes
Evoluion of Reptile, Rise and Fall of Reptile, Extinction of
Dinosaurs, Exeretion and Osmoragulation, Poisonous apparatus
and biting mechanism of poisonous snake.
Aves:
Birds, Feathers, Flight and Endothermy:
Phylogenetic Relationship and evolution of Birds, Evolution of flight
in Aves, Aerial adaptation and Migration of Birds.
Mammalia:
Specialized teeth, Endothermy:
Origin of mammals, Evolutionary perspectives, Diversity among
mammals, adaptation in External Structure and Locomotion,
vertebrate Excretion, osmoregulation, Reproduction and
development, Dentition in vertebrae, Comparative account of
Evolution of Heart, gridles Skull, development, nervous system,
Stomach in the vertebrate and urinogenital ducts in vertebrates;
Origin and basic plan of chordate, basic plane of vertebvrate body,
Earliest known vertebrate, Primitive jawed vertebrate, Evolution of
jaw in vertebrate, Swimblader in Fishes, Excretion and
Osmoregulation.
Amphibian:
First terrestrial vertebrates:
Evolutionary perspective, Excretion and Osmoregulation,
Reproduction and development.
Reptile:
The First Amniotes
Evoluion of Reptile, Rise and Fall of Reptile, Extinction of
Dinosaurs, Exeretion and Osmoragulation, Poisonous apparatus
and biting mechanism of poisonous snake.
Aves:
Birds, Feathers, Flight and Endothermy:
Phylogenetic Relationship and evolution of Birds, Evolution of flight
in Aves, Aerial adaptation and Migration of Birds.
Mammalia:
Specialized teeth, Endothermy:
Origin of mammals, Evolutionary perspectives, Diversity among
mammals, adaptation in External Structure and Locomotion,
vertebrate Excretion, osmoregulation, Reproduction and
development, Dentition in vertebrae, Comparative account of
Evolution of Heart, gridles Skull, development, nervous system,
Stomach in the vertebrate and urinogenital ducts in vertebrates;
Echinodermata:
Echinodermata:
Skeletion, Water vascular System, Larval farms and their
evolutionary significance, Phylogenetic Consideration.
Skeletion, Water vascular System, Larval farms and their
evolutionary significance, Phylogenetic Consideration.
Nematoda,Ammelida: Mollusca: Arthropoda:
Nematoda
The Pseudocoelomate Body Plan:
(Aschelminthes): Evolutionary Perspective, General characteristic, Economic
Importance. Parasitic Nematodes of man.
Ammelida:
The Metameric Body Form:
Evolutionary relationship with other animals, Metamerism and
Tagmatization, Phylogenctic Consideration.
Mollusca:
Origin of Coelome, Diversity in Gastropods, Bivalve and
Cepholopods, Torsion, shell in Mollusca, modification of foot in
Mollusca
Arthropoda:
Ebolutionary Perspeetive, Metamarphosis, Ecdysis, Appendages
feeding, Respiration, Social insect, Economic Importance of
Insects, Larvae in various Classes of Arthropoda.
The Pseudocoelomate Body Plan:
(Aschelminthes): Evolutionary Perspective, General characteristic, Economic
Importance. Parasitic Nematodes of man.
Ammelida:
The Metameric Body Form:
Evolutionary relationship with other animals, Metamerism and
Tagmatization, Phylogenctic Consideration.
Mollusca:
Origin of Coelome, Diversity in Gastropods, Bivalve and
Cepholopods, Torsion, shell in Mollusca, modification of foot in
Mollusca
Arthropoda:
Ebolutionary Perspeetive, Metamarphosis, Ecdysis, Appendages
feeding, Respiration, Social insect, Economic Importance of
Insects, Larvae in various Classes of Arthropoda.
Coelenterata: Platyhelmenthes:
Coelenterata:
Boy wall and Nematocysts, Polymorphism, Coral and Coral reefs,
Economic Importance of Coral reefs.
Platyhelmenthes:
The Triploblastic Acoelomate Body plan: Evolutionary perspective,
Parasitic adaptation, life cycle of Fasciola Hepatica (liver fluke)
Boy wall and Nematocysts, Polymorphism, Coral and Coral reefs,
Economic Importance of Coral reefs.
Platyhelmenthes:
The Triploblastic Acoelomate Body plan: Evolutionary perspective,
Parasitic adaptation, life cycle of Fasciola Hepatica (liver fluke)
Coelenterata
Coelenterata:
Boy wall and Nematocysts, Polymorphism, Coral and Coral reefs,
Economic Importance of Coral reefs.
Boy wall and Nematocysts, Polymorphism, Coral and Coral reefs,
Economic Importance of Coral reefs.
Porifera
Porifera: Mullticellular and Tissue level of organization: origin and
Evolutionary perspeetive, Evolutions of canal system, skeleton and
Reproductive System in Porifera.
Evolutionary perspeetive, Evolutions of canal system, skeleton and
Reproductive System in Porifera.
Protozoa
Protozoa:
Animal – like Protists:
Origin and Phylogenetic relationship of protozoa, parasitism,
Locomotion, Nutrition, Reproduction, Economic Importance and
Harmful Protozoa.
Animal – like Protists:
Origin and Phylogenetic relationship of protozoa, parasitism,
Locomotion, Nutrition, Reproduction, Economic Importance and
Harmful Protozoa.
Invertebrate
Invertebrate
Introduction General organizations (Structure, function, mode of
life, Reproduction, life cycles, adaptation, distribution and Economic
Importance) of the Following groups with special reference to the
Topic mentioned in each group:-
Introduction General organizations (Structure, function, mode of
life, Reproduction, life cycles, adaptation, distribution and Economic
Importance) of the Following groups with special reference to the
Topic mentioned in each group:-
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